Why Digitize Manuscripts?

By: Daniel B. Wallace, PhD

Dr. Wallace wrote “Why Digitize Manuscripts?” in 2018. We’re sharing it as a reminder of the importance of digital imaging of Greek New Testament manuscripts to their study and preservation. Since the time of the original post, CSNTM has obtained new digitization equipment and improved our processes. The improvements in digitizing abilities that we have today exceeds what Wallace points out in this post from 2018.

In the beginning there was microfilm. And it was not good. The finer points of the text could not be read, the colors were rendered in various shades of gray, and marginal notes and commentaries were seen as lines and bumps. Erased text and corrections were undetectable, and dating the manuscripts was made more difficult because certain paleographical clues were invisible. A large percentage of the microfilm images were completely illegible. But this was all that NT scholars had to work with. And hundreds of manuscripts have never been microfilmed at all, quite a few of which were completely unknown to biblical scholars. Of these, CSNTM has already digitized nearly 100 previously unknown manuscripts.

Microfilm Image from GA 2813

Microfilm Image of Codex 2813

Then came digital photography. And it was very good. The Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts was founded in 2002. Our first digitization project was in Münster, Germany, at the Institute for New Testament Textual Research (INTF). We shot the NT manuscripts owned by the institute. These were the first NT manuscripts to be digitized, and it was appropriate that INTF was the place to launch our work. Our four and fivemegapixel cameras (state of the art at the time)—produced significantly better images than the microfilm. The shutter click to computer upload took 90 seconds. The whole job took several weeks.

Comparing microfilm and digital images of GA 1175

Microfilm and Digital, side by side

In the following years, digital cameras continued to improve. Today, we use 50 MP cameras that produce 300 MB images in TIFF. From shutter to camera is virtually instantaneous. The finest details on any given page can be blown up many times. The colors, marginal notes, even much erased text, can now be seen with ease. And posting these images on http://www.csntm.org, making them free for all and free for all time, gives scholars accessibility to these manuscripts at the click of a button.

The beginning of John in Codex 800

Codex 800 at the National Library of Greece, Athens

One of the most significant values of digitizing these manuscripts is that an exquisite image of every page is preserved for ages to come. Every library where we digitize these documents gets a complete archival copy of each handwritten treasure. And the images can be enlarged multiple times without any pixilation. Even the finer hues—which often have interpretive significance—are clearly visible. The tiniest detail no longer hides from the scholar’s sight; the former blurs are now conspicuous letters.

A leaf from P46 from the University of Michigan

Page from P46, the oldest manuscript of Paul’s letters

So, why do we do what we do? CSNTM digitizes manuscripts for preservation, accessibility, clarity, recovery, and discovery. Ultimately, these images help scholars to produce Greek New Testaments that, in turn, are translated into modern languages. These priceless, one-of-a-kind codices, long obscured by microfilm, are coming to brilliant light, bringing glory to the libraries that own them and informing the New Testament text that you read today.

Help PreserveNew Testament Manuscripts

2 thoughts on “Why Digitize Manuscripts?

  1. I discovered Daniel Wallace on you tube and I’ve been following him ever since. I was always a believer but now I have concrete evidence that I can use to confirm. He’s right when he says we should always be in pursuit of the truth no matter where it leads us. I’m really excited this organization exists because I really do believe someday we will get back to the original 27 books of the New Testament

  2. I thank you for making these images available to the general public at no charge. It’s organizations like yours that help fight back against the excuse of a lack of knowledge of this subject. Anybody can search the reasons for a faith in the God of the bible with just a cursory knowledge of Koine Greek and can do his or her own homework with these resources that you share so freely. I personally have spent upwards of 50 hours wandering through these resources, and yes sometimes there are more questions, but still the information is here to look at. Thankyou again Daniel Wallace and staff, your tireless pursuit of truth has made a difference to anybody who is searching for answers to the age old question, is there a God of the bible.

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